We normally identify with the conceptual aspect of life. This conventional reality (pannatti) of names and forms: "I am a student", "my knee hurts", "I am sad" etc… is useful for functioning in the world. In mindfulness practice, however, one is to pay attention to the true nature (the reality: paramattha) of all phenomena. Instead of noticing the form and shape of the body, or "my knee hurts" one feels the pressure, tension or heat at the knee or physical unpleasantness. Instead of "I am sad", one experiences this emotion or mental state simply as there is sadness, or mental unpleasantness, present in this moment. One does not identify with these experiences as being me or mine but objectively observe them as watching the clouds in the sky in order to see their true nature.

Insights are developed through the direct experience of the reality of life.

Paramattha:

1- Rupa (body)

Mindfulness can be established within the first foundation by experiencing a physical sensation’s texture (hard or soft, rough or smooth, light or heavy), its temperature (warm or cool), its dynamics (motion, vibration, or tension/pressure) and its cohesiveness or fluidity (which is generally too subtle to directly experience). These four categories are traditionally known as the earth, fire, air (wind), and water elements (pathavi-dhatu, tejo-dhatu, vayo-dhatu and apo-dhatu,).

2- Nama (mind)

Which consists of

Citta (consciousness)

and Cetasika (mental concomitants/factors)

Cetasika are the factors that color consciousness (the mind) and constitutes its quality in a particular moment. They includes 7 universal ones which are always present and several of the other 45. The 4 in the delusion group are always present in an unwholesome mind moment and the 19 wholesome universal ones are always present to some degree in a wholesome mind moment. Hence, in a moment when Mindfulness is fully present, there is no room for unwholesome mental factors.

These factors may coexist to some various degree. Some may be obvious (anger, restlessness...) and some are subtle (adaptability, proficiency...) and can only be observed when mindfulness and equanimity are strong.

Mindfulness can simply be established here by recognizing these mental qualities without identifying with them as me or mine.

CETASIKA (52)

Ethically variable (annasamana =13)	Unwholesome/unethical (akusala =14)	Wholesome/beautiful/ethical (sobhana =25)
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Universal (sabba-citta sadharana =7) 1.phassa = contact or mental impression 2.vedana = feeling 3.sanna = perception 4.cetana = volition or intention 5.ekaggata = one – pointedness, concentration (samadhi) 6.jivitindriya = vitality or psychic life 7.manasikara = attention or advertence	Delusion group /Unwholesome Universal (moha-catukka =4) 1.moha = avijja = delusion, ignorance, dullness 2.ahirika = lack of moral shame, impudence 3.anottappa = lack of moral dread, recklessness 4.uddhacca = unrest, restlessness, distraction	Wholesome Universal (sobhana sadharana =19) 1. saddha = faith, confidence 2. sati = mindfulness, attentiveness 3. hiri = moral shame 4. ottappa = moral dread 5. alobha = non-attachment, greedlessness, generosity 6. adosa = hatelessness, goodwill 7. tatramajjhattata = equanimity, mental balance 8. kaya-passaddhi = tranquility of mental concomitants 9. citta-passaddhi = tranquility of consciousness 10. kaya-lahuta = agility or lightness of mental concomitants 11. citta-lahuta = agility or lightness of consciousness 12. kaya-muduta = elasticity of mental concomitants 13. citta-muduta = elasticity of consciousness 14. kaya-kammannata = adaptability of mental concomitants 15. citta-kammannata = adaptability of consciousness 16. kaya-pagunnata = proficiency of mental concomitants 17. citta-pagunnata = proficiency of consciousness 18. kayujjukata = uprightness of mental concomitants 19. cittujjukata = uprightness of consciousness
Occasional (pakinnaka =6) 1.vitakka = initial application or thought conception 2.vicara = sustained application or discursive thinking 3.adhimokkha = decision or determination 4.viriya = effort or energy or exertion 5.piti = rapture or interest 6.chanda = wish, desire or will	Greed group (lobha-tri 3) 5. lobha = raga = tanha = greed, attachment, sensuous desire 6. miccha ditthi = wrong view, evil opinion 7. mana = conceit, pride	Abstinence group (virati =3) 20. samma-vacca = right speech 21. samma-kammanta = right action 22. samma-ajiva = right livelihood
	Aversion group dosa-catukka (4) 8. dosa = patigha = hatred, anger, aversion 9. issa = envy, jealousy 10.macchariya = avarice, stinginess, selfishness 11.kukkucca = worry, scruples, remorse	Illimitable group (appamana =2) 23. karuna = compassion 24. mudita = sympathetic joy
	Non-specific (3) 1.thina = sloth 13.middha = torpor 14.vicikiccha = sceptical doubt, perplexity	Wisdom group (pannindriya =1) 25. pannindriya = wisdom or insight